Bullying and Cyberbullying An Analysis - 870 Words

After much analysis of sources relating to the focus question of which of the two genders (boys or girls) are more involved in bullying, an analysis of findings will be conducted. As the aim of the research is to focus on boys and girls between the ages of 14 and 18 (grades 8 to 12), it is important that the types of bullying that are relevant to the age group are looked at. With the advancement of technology, most teenagers in high school are active users of social networking. This leads to cyber bullying. Cyber bullying includes sending â€Å"text messages or messages over social media that are threatening or in any way aimed to hurt or threaten the victim, creating hate sites and gathering followers to reject the victim on social media†. Cyber bullying is an integral part of every teenager’s life. Social platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and Whatsapp are all frequently used by young people to communicate and this is the worst type of bullying because one cannot escape it. According to the study led by Dr. Sarah Pedersen , boys are the most likely out of the two genders to be involved in cyberbullying. Of the 226 children surveyed, 50% of those who had a social network account had been cyberbullied, 40% said they themselves had cyberbullied, â€Å"boys are more bullied online (68%) and are more likely to bully online (50%). Adolescent females revealed (49% and 33% respectively). Cyber bulying is therefore 50% likely to happen to someone with a social network account. As mostShow MoreRelatedCyber Safety For Adolescent Girls : Bullying, Harassment, Sexting, Pornography, And Solicitation1279 Words   |  6 PagesSmith, P.K., Thompson, F., Davidson, J. (2014). Cyber safety for adolescent girls: bullying, harassment, sexting, pornography, and solicitation. Current opinion in obstetrics and gynecology, 26(5), 360-365. This article Cybersafety is based on adolescent female victims in regards to cyberbullying, the issues and risks associated with being a victim of online abuse whether this may be through the internet or mobile devices. And, the interventions which have been implemented to minimize theRead MoreCyberbullying And Its Impact On Cyberbullying1457 Words   |  6 PagesThe article written by Carol M. Walker, Beth Rajan Sockman, and Steven Koehn, â€Å"An Exploratory Study of Cyberbullying with Undergraduate University Students† delves into their study done on undergraduate students to address technology and its impact on cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is defined as, â€Å"The use of information and communication technologies such as email, cellphones, instant messaging†¦ to promote deliberate, repeated and hurtful behavior with the intent to harm others† (Tech Trends JournalRead MoreIs Cyberbullying as Pervasive and as Dangerous as Physical Bullying?1028 Words   |   5 Pagesexperiences are types of cyberbullying. Lots of people have such cyberbullying experiences because it occurs more frequently than before. More specifically, cyberbullying is the use of the Internet, cell phones, or other electronic communication devices to spread harmful or embarrassing information in the form of text, photos or videos about another person. Cyberbullying is worse than physical bullying because of its serious consequences, and the person who suffers the cyberbullying would be hurt mentallyRead MoreA Brief Note On Cyberbullying And Its Effects On Society1085 Words   |  5 Pagesone of the most comprehensive. It defines cyberbullying as â€Å"the use of information and communication technologies such as e-mail, cell phone and pager text messages, instant messaging, defamatory personal websites, and defamatory online personal polling websites, to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior by an individual or group, that is intended to harm others† 2.2 Forms of Cyberbullying One of the most widely studied aspects of cyberbullying is the different forms it takes. Hoff andRead MoreCyberbullying Is A Problem That Affects More Than One Third Of Adolescents1692 Words   |  7 PagesWith the new twitter update which allows that creation of polls that users can vote in, countless accounts have been created to poke fun at someone s personality or looks, this is what is called cyberbullying, and it happens each and everyday. Cyberbullying is a problem that affects more than one-fourth of adolescents in middle school and high school. With the growth of technology it has become more imperative to implement programs in schools to help solve this problem. Today, teenagers rely moreRead MoreThe Effects Of Bullying On Children s Involvement1730 Words   |  7 Pagesalleged bullying.† Sadly, this is not the only story of its kind when it comes to bullying, suicide or the school’s involvement. Josh Sidorowicz from Fox17 News (2015) reports about thirteen year-old, Zoe Johnson, who took her own-life, after being cyberbullied on social media. Zoe was a member of the cheer team and just finished seventh grade. She reached her breaking point after being taunted all year long. There are various types of bullying to include emotional bullying, physical bullying, cyberbullyingRead MoreCyberbullying: Comparing Bullying Laws in Minnesota and New Jersey1395 Words   |  6 PagesCyberbullying has become a new and growing problem within today’s society (Hanel, Trolley 33). On May 9th, 2007, the Minnesota State Legislature first amended the original bullying law from 2005 in attempt to strengthening it (Minnesota State Legislature, â€Å"Approved 2005†, â€Å"Amended 2007†). As stated on a report by the United States Department of Education, Minnesota has one of the weakest bullying laws in the nation (United States Department of Education, â€Å"Analysis†). Bully Police graded Minnesota’sRead MoreThe Survival Of The Fittest1405 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Social status is a very important factor to consider in cyberbullying† (Huberman, Loch, ONculer, 2004.)9 It is a way many go by living on this capitalist society. That has lead many to believe that the survival of the fittest is true. Survival is related specifically with rivalry because of the huge number of species and restricted assets. There s always been a steady drive to out-perform others and overcome obstacles. The individuals who beat these obstacles accept they re at the highest pointRead MorePros And Cons Of Cyberbullying1180 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction â€Å"You are a loser†, â€Å"no one likes you†, â€Å"you have no friends†. Sending mean messages such as these through text, or email, spreading rumors or posting embarrassing pictures, videos, or fake profiles are all examples of cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place using electronic technology such as cell phones, computers, and tablets as well as communication tools including social media sites, text messages, chat, and websites (U.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesRead MoreCrt 205 Final Paper1576 Words   |  7 PagesAssociate Level Material Critical Analysis Forms Fill out one form for each source. |Source 1 Title and Citation: Cyberbullying Has a Broader Impact than Traditional Bullying | |Uhls, Yalda T. Cyberbullying Has a Broader Impact than Traditional Bullying. Cyberbullying. Ed. Louise I. Gerdes. Detroit: | |Greenhaven Press, 2012. At Issue. Rpt. from Is Bullying Going Digital? Cyber Bullying Facts. PsychologyinAction.org. 2010. Gale | |Opposing

Symbolism Of An Article On The Reader From A Piece Of...

It has been said that there is meaning behind every miniature detail that the creator of a piece of literature includes in their work. Why would anyone do something if there is no meaning behind it? There is meaning behind everything that anyone does. However, in literature, many of the specific meanings that an author chooses to include in their work is not inherently obvious. For example, a minor detail about the orientation of an object can provide foreshadowing of a later event, the way a character speaks can present background about the character, or the color of an article of clothing can symbolize an idea or a statement. These are all generic examples with very specific meanings that are all made up. The essence of all those†¦show more content†¦Plays are written to be performed. If there is not enough money to fund the entire play, it will be problematic. When a playwright decides to make a shorter play, he or she must accommodate all elements of the play to work with that decision. Character development becomes more difficult to incorporate, exposition must be concise and explicit, and there must be a perfect balance between plot advancement and exposition. In the play Trifles, there is tension between the male characters and the female characters, Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters. The male characters believe that they are focusing on the important parts of the investigation of the death of Mr. Wright while the women focus on â€Å"trifles,† or minor details that have little importance. The men laugh at any evidence that the women bring up, although the evidence that the women find is the most compelling evidence of the investigation. For example, when the women discover the quilt that Mrs. Wright was knitting, the men laugh and say the women â€Å"wonder if she was going to quilt it or just knot it!† (Trifles, p. 926). They disregard the quilt of having any importance at all, even though the quilt eventually leads the wome n to an important clue in the murder investigation, a dead bird. The dead bird is important because it is evidence of a motive for Mrs. Wright to kill Mr. Wright (assuming he is the one whoShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby And Harlem By Langston Hughes1089 Words   |  5 Pagesof literature to show their readers what it would be like to experience this time frame. Some examples of these works include The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald and â€Å"Harlem† by Langston Hughes. Both of these pieces of literature include literary elements to appeal to the reader’s senses and imagination. A prevalent theme that has been found in works of the roaring 20’s is the wealth that someone may or may not achieve. Literary elements such as figurative language, irony, and symbolism areRead MoreBarn Burning by William Faulkner1028 Words   |  5 Pageswriter from Mississippi. 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Many people believe a poem should be composed of a specific and limiting number of l ines andRead MoreCharacter Symbolism In Animal Farm705 Words   |  3 PagesCommunists, through the eyes of Animal Farm How successful did George Orwell use character symbolism in Animal Farm; to represent the major founders of Soviet communist idealism? English Literature  Contents Introduction 3 Old Major 4 Snowball and Napoleon 5  Introduction Symbolism is a literary device and a form of indirect expression. It enables the author to demonstrate reality, while giving the reader the opportunity to conclude and analyze. Thus it adds depth to the meaning of the literaryRead MoreEng 125, Week 2 Essay697 Words   |  3 PagesThemes and Narrative Elements in a Short Story By Leslie Residor Introduction to Literature ENG 125 Instructor: Kayla Ward July 4th, 2012 Many short stories have been written throughout time. Many are just for entertainment, but many of them are for teaching a lesson. Little Red Riding Hood was written partly to teach a lesson. In France, a girl that loses her virginity is said to have â€Å"seen a wolf.† That is what this story is based on. Little Red Riding Hood is about a little girlRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem A Picture Is Worth A Thousand Words 1159 Words   |  5 Pages Enriched Illustrations Many authors thrive to illustrate an image inside a reader s head. Allowing an individual to explore and understand the significance beyond a person, object, or event past its literal meaning (Meyer 265). There is more meaning behind every object and the importance it holds is what focuses to make it more understandable for a reader. Symbols help signify what the author is attempting to communicate to the audience. The term a picture is worth a thousand words isRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Two Texts Essay1534 Words   |  7 PagesBe a Black Girl†, by Patricia Smith, (1991), are both about the coming of age of young girls and the conflicts that they encounter. The two pieces explore issues that most young girls have with their bodies and others during their puberty years. The literary elements that will be compared in this essay is imagery and symbolism. The main conflict in both pieces that will be explored is individual versus self. These literary elements and confli ct will help us to explore the issues that these two individualRead MoreGood And Evil In Lord Of The Flies Analysis1207 Words   |  5 PagesSprings from within and that the struggle to maintain civilization depends on the ethical nature of each individual.† - â€Å"Background† Throughout the Lord of the Flies, readers learn that people, including children, are not made of pure goodness. Deep inside there is an evil element consistently trying to rise to the surface of their minds. Golding proves that eventually the evil within the children will destroy them and the good around them. This is also proven in two other pieces of literature; oneRead MoreAnalysis Of The Starrry Night Painting By Vincent Van Gogh1373 Words   |  6 Pagessources I will be using are related to â€Å"The Starry Night† painting from Vincent van Gogh. The first source, located on MOMA Learning, is titled Vincent van Gogh: The Starry Night, 1889† which does not appear to have an aut hor or publication date. The MOMA Learning article provides insights into the interpretations of the artwork, including insights into Van Gogh’s mental state at the time that the painting. Additionally, the article provides relevant information regarding the post-impressionists useRead MoreStephen Crane: The Literary Red Badge871 Words   |  3 Pagesastonished and sorrowful look, as if he thought some friend had done him an ill turn.† (Source insert correct citation in final draft†¦from http://www.shmoop.com/red-badge-of-courage/warfare-quotes-3.html). The quote, from The Red Badge of Courage, helps support the mere fact that Crane was one of America’s finest authors of the Realism movement. The Realism movement was alive from the 1860s-the 1900s. Its style involved â€Å"appearance presented in an unembellished way† (PBS). The quote meaning that the style

International Law Concept

Question: Write an essay on International Law? Answer: Introduction This concept is accepted by all the international community that the relation between different states must be harmonious and friendly. Even if any dispute occurs that states should go for the peaceful means of settlement. It is preferable as well as desirable. The research paper attempts to explore different amicable means of dispute settlement and certain successful example of it throughout the world. The paper also attempts to judge the efficacy of amicable means of settlement. The history states certain successful as well as certain unsuccessful examples which put a big question on the on the efficiency of the dispute settlement. There are certain procedures of the amicable means of settlement. Negotiation, good office, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial adjudication, settlement by regional agencies of United Nations etc are the procedure of amicable means of international dispute settlement. The research paper reported the procedure of dispute settlement between the states in absent of the war politics in modern nation. This enlightenment is resulting from a hypothetical underlying principle based on worldwide democratic standards for reconciliation the rival values and welfare. This paper pointed out that self-governing states in disputes are improved equipped than others in the matter for disseminating conflict circumstances at the previous stage before they got a chance to rise to armed attack. This kind of improved equipment is denoted as the amicable or peaceful means of dispute settlement. This descriptive reason reliable with the conclusion on democratic system and conflict, but it as well involves the narrative experiential proposal that conflicts among the nations are more agreeable than the other kind of conflict to peaceful settlement. Study of modern interstate conflicts disclose that still when possible perplexing issues are organized, democratic adversary are considerably more probable to attain amicable settlements in regards to other forms of settlement of dispute. The reason is to give a universal review of the practice between the nations by the peaceful resolution of global conflicts. The paper reflects the variety of mechanisms for peaceful dispute resolution which includes the process negotiation, reconciliation and commission of investigation. The analytical comment comprises the conversation of the types of dispute and the relative virtues of arbitration and the procedure of negotiation in the International Court. Statement of Problem The researcher wants to research this topic because it is a very burning issue in the international aspect. The main focus of the research topic is to provide the significance of this kind of dispute settlement. Applications of force to the other weaker countries will definitely harm the integrity of that country which is not at all wanted and desirable. So the peaceful means of dispute settlement will help to maintain the peace in the country. The main focus of the research paper is to provide the critical analysis of the peaceful means of settlement to point out its efficacy on it. Aim and Objective of the Research The main objective of the researcher is to find out the efficacy of peaceful settlement of dispute in the international context. In this way researcher is going to find out the different instances to evaluate the effectiveness of this measure. The main objectives are: To evaluate different amicable means of dispute settlement. To ensure and examine the efficiency of those process. To compare the process of this kind of dispute settlement with the other form of dispute settlement. Research Question and Hypotheses RQ 1: Whether the amicable means of settlement of international dispute are effective? Hypotheses HO- No, the amicable means of dispute settlement is not very effective in regards to a dispute settlement. HA- Yes, the amicable means of settlement best process to settle the dispute in international level. RQ 2: Whether the process needs any kind of amendment? Hypotheses HO - No, the process does not needs any kind of amendment. HA- Yes, to certain extent the amendment are required to make the process more effective. Literature Review The amicable means of dispute settlement is important in regards to the international aspect. In todays world all countries are sovereign. So every country has its own sovereignty. In the modern civilized world war or other kind of use of force cannot be encouraged by any of the international community. United Nations Organization (UNO) always tries to settle the disputes between the states in the amicable procedures. If the force is applied or the war started between the states it will actually destroyed the economy and life of the human being. Governing procedures are totally exploited by the war or other kind of dispute. So the peaceful way of settlement is very important. Though, we can find different instances of massive wars in the nations in modern era. The civil wars in Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq show the ineffectiveness of this procedure. The data focuses that thousands of live are destroyed and became homeless and leads their lives in the refugee camps. This is not desirable at all in the modern world. It shows the inefficiency of this mentioned dispute resolutions. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), United Nations Organization (UNO), World Trade Organization (WTO) and other regional agencies are always tries to settle the dispute in the peaceful way. The dispute in different states is settled down in this way. Maximum states are encouraging and adopting this view and apply to their countries context. But the major question is regarding the effectiveness. The unrest condition in the Middle East shows the failure of this system. More effective and powerful application is desired. The international organizations must apply strict principles for adopting this process otherwise all the essence of this nice procedure will go in vein. Though, in many occasions it feel by the international community is that the amicable means of settlement could not perform the desired goal and the forceful procedures can only be remedy to it. But the application of amicable means of settlement is desired. Research Methodology The methodology selected for this study is the qualitative research design. The research would be doctrinaire and analytical. It would be conducted through primary and secondary sources. Primary sources would include UNO Agreement, relevant data and decided international cases. Secondary sources include articles, books and journals. As part of methodology the data will be collected from different successful as well as unsuccessful instances of international dispute settlements. Findings and discussion Origination of the principle of amicable means of dispute settlement: Charter of the United Nations: The Charter of the United Nations gives in section I that the doctrine of the United Nations are to keep up global harmony and safety, and to get compelling aggregate events for the expectation and emigration of hazard to the harmony, and for the control of expression of animosity or other ruptures of the harmony, and to realize by tranquil means, and in agreement with the ideology of equity and universal rule, change on the other hand resolution of worldwide debate or circumstances which may lead to a violation of the harmony. The charter claims under Article 1 that the entire member must settle their respective disputes in the amicable means of settlement. Announcement and Declaration of the General Assembly: The standard of the amicable means of dispute settlement has been reconfirmed in numerous resolution of General Assembly which includes resolutions 2627 (XXV) of 24 October 1970, 2734 (XXV) of 16 December 1970 and 40/9 of 8 November 1985. The resolutions are dealt with widely in the statement of ideology of International Law about responsive associations and collaboration between the nations in conformity with Charter of the United Nations. According to the resolution and provision of UN Charter, the code is that nations shall resolve their intercontinental dispute by amicable means in which a mode that global harmony and safety and integrity are not in danger of extinction. Other principles: The Final Act of the discussion on safety and collaboration in Europe, sanctioned at Helsinki in the 1975 declared that the philosophy organized in the statement of ideology directing associations among the States claims for maintaining the independent and fairness in the state, respecting for the privileges innate in independence; refraining from the hazard or employ and application of power and force, inviolability of borders between states; jurisdictional honor of nations; amicable resolution of dispute between states; no interference in domestic interaction; respecting for the basic human rights and basic independence which includes the freedom of deliberation, scruples, faith or principle; identical rights and self-government of citizen; collaboration between nations; and accomplishment of responsibility under the international law are the basic implication under those declaration. The associations among the standard of the amicable means of resolution of dispute and additional precise ideology of international law are seen equally in the Friendly Relations Declaration and Manila Declaration. Non use of force principle: In the civilized society it is very common that people will settle their dispute in peaceful manner. So this rule applicable to states also. They also need to satisfy this criterion to become a civilized nation. This principle is heighted in the Manila Declaration. All the states are thereby instructed settle the dispute in peaceful manner. Non intervention on domestic matters- principle: Every country is independent so they must enjoy full control over their domestic matters. To maintain peace, it is also important to maintain the proper diplomacy that no state should interrupt in the matter of other states. The connections among the rule of peaceful resolution of disputes as well as the rule of non-involvement are also mentioned in article V of the Pact of Bogota, 1948. Aspect of good faith: Manila Declaration confirms that every state at the time of dispute settlement must act in a good faith. If any evil motive is found, it will amount to violation of these principles. 2. Methods of settlement: The primary and traditional style of resolution of international dispute is negotiation. It engages a straight and mutual procedure. Negotiation is able to create a resolution in conformity with authorized criterion or in conformity with equally legal as well as political principles. It can be observed that negotiation is much more bendable than court settlement. We can cite a very recent instance in this context. NATO campaign for bombing against the country Yugoslavia in the year of 1999 is the example. In near about May, 1999, NATO airplane attacks the Chinese delegation in the Belgrade and this attack kills three Chinese citizens and wounds just about 20 Chinese citizens. American authorities explain this procedure as the disastrous error. After five time of discussion, between United States and China in 1999, they came to a conclusion and also execute two contracts regarding recompense for injury to the embassy properties of both Nations. In the initial contract, the United Stat es mentioned its intention to ask for US$ 28 million as financial support from Congress for harm to the Chinese delegation in Belgrade. In the next contract, China decided to pay US$ 2.87 million for harm to US embassy and other possessions in China reasons by the Chinese expressions. This is also a very important aspect in the context of international dispute settlements. Good offices are a comparable instrument. There is no actual typical description of the mediation but it is however usually different from the procedure of conciliation. According to standard, mediation engages the express ways of conference on the foundation of suggestions made by mediator. Contemporary practice encloses a significant instance of the effectual mediation process. We can sight an example in regards to Papal Mediation which was held on the year of 1978 to 1984 involving the Chile and the Argentina.The two Nations officially welcomed the mediation and executed the agreement on 8 January 1978. The mediation extents to five years and gave birth to perfect Treaty of Peace and Friendship which was affirmed by both the states on 29 November 1984. The purpose is same like mediation. This is also a third party settlement. The procedure is almost same like mediation. Conciliation is explains as the amalgamation of the procedure of enquiry and the mediation.The conciliator examines the particulars of the dispute and suggests the terms of the settlement. One of the ordinary obstructions stop the booming resolution of a dispute by cooperation is the complexity of determining the issues which have created the differences among the disputants. In this point this procedure is very helpful. We can cite an example of LetelierandMoffittincident or issue raised between Chile and the United States in 1992. The most effective and important way of dispute settlement in modern era is arbitration. The arbitrator generally appointed by two states or by any UNO organizations to settle the dispute between the states. This is very effective measures in this modern world. We can cite a successful example of arbitration Red Sea Islands Case International court of justice: The International Court of Justice is the sole adjudicating authority under UNO. Firstly, it is obtainable to Nations usually for the reason of dispute resolution.Secondly, the Court has an authority to provide advice, which includes a responsibility to provide recommendation to the political parts of the UNO at their demand on any lawful query. Though we can able to cite many of the instances in regards to successful dispute resolution instances in peaceful manner, but the recent condition of world indicates certain inefficiency of the mechanism. Firstly, this mechanism generally advocates for the powerful states. If the conflict rose between two unequal states the judgment may go in favor of the powerful state. Secondly, the mechanisms are lengthy and many time unable to provide any particular conclusion. The war in Middle East countries reflects the inefficiency in the system. 2003 Iraq war, 2009 Boko Haram issue, 2011 war in Syria provides the instances of inefficacy of this system. Many lives and economy are wasted in those wars but no resolutions are found to resolve those sensitive issue. Conclusion and recommendation This paper reflects the matter that peaceful settlement of dispute is an effective mechanism in modern word. The scheme of peaceful settlement of disputes is an important division of the world of worldwide affairs. Except this procedure the world will not be a good place to live. Though in certain cases the procedure shows inefficiency but cooperation from all the states are required to enhance the effectiveness of this procedure. War is not a thing which a modern world wants so the amicable means of dispute settlement is the best remedy. Each and every disputing state is need to compromise to certain extent to make the procedure successful. It can be recommended that UNO need to make more strict resolution to enforce this mechanism otherwise the essence of this system will be destroyed fully. Except the full cooperation and help from the stares the mechanism has no value n the scenario. In this context we can conclude that this system has merits and demits both. But according to the outcome of this research, it can be claimed that the merits are more in numbers. There are various instances of peaceful settlement in modern world which are helpful to keep the peace in the world. Bibliography: Books: Aksar Y, Implementing International Economic Law, Martinus Nijhoff (2011), 50-60 Alvarez, J. E., International Organizations as Law-Makers, Oxford University Press, 2005, Arend, A. C., Beck, R. J. International law and the use of force: beyond the UN Charter paradigm. Routledge. (2014). Bimal N Patel, The World Court Reference Guide And Case-Law Digest.(2011) Boisson de Chazournes L, Romano C and Mackenzie R, International Organizations And International Dispute Settlement, Transnational Publishers (2002) Brus M, Muller S and Wiemers S, The United Nations Decade Of International Law, M Nijhoff (1991) Christian J Tams and Antonios Tzanakopoulos, The Settlement Of International Disputes,(Hart Pub (2012). Collier, J., and Lowe, V., The Settlement of Disputes in International Law Institutions and Procedures (2nd Ed), Oxford, University Press, 2000, 90-125 Evans Malcolm., International Law (3rd ed), Oxford University Press; 2010, 50-55 Evans Malcolm., International Law, Oxford University Press; (2010) 50-55 French D, Saul M and White N, International Law And Dispute Settlement, Hart Pub (2010) Goh G, Dispute Settlement In International Space Law, Marinus Nijhoff Publishers (2007) Merrills J, International Dispute Settlement Cambridge University Press (1998) Merrills J.G., International Dispute Settlement ( Cambridge University Press, 2011, 100-115 O'Connell M, International Dispute Settlement Ashgate/Dartmouth (2003) Wolfrum R and GaÃÅ'ˆtzschmann I, International Dispute Settlement: Room For Innovations? Springer Berlin Heidelberg (2013) Article: Adede, A. O. (1975). Settlement of dispute arising under the law of the sea convention. American Journal of International Law, 798-818. Allee, T. L. and Huth, P. K. (2006). Legitimizing dispute settlement: International legal rulings as domestic political cover. American Political Science Review, 100(02):219234 Bilder, R. B., Some Limitations of Adjudication as a Dispute Settlement Technique, 23 Va. J. Int'l L. 1 (1986). Botes, J. (2003). Conflict transformation: a debate over semantics or a crucial shift in the theory and practice of peace and conflict studies?. International Journal of Peace Studies, 1-27. Colson, D. A., Hoyle, D. P. (2003). Satisfying the Procedural Prerequisites to the Compulsory Dispute Settlement Mechanisms of the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention: Did the Southern Bluefin Tuna Tribunal Get It Right?. Ocean Development International Law, 34(1), 59-82. Gibler, D. M., Tir, J. (2010). Settled borders and regime type: Democratic transitions as consequences of peaceful territorial transfers. American Journal of Political Science, 54(4), 951-968. Hafner-Burton, E. M., Montgomery, A. H. (2012). War, Trade, and Distrust: Why Trade Agreements Dont Always Keep the Peace. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 29(3), 257-278. Hartzell, C., Hoddie, M. (2003). Institutionalizing Peace: Power Sharing and Postà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Civil War Conflict Management. American Journal of Political Science,47(2), 318-332. Higgins, R. (2003). The ICJ, the ECJ, and the Integrity of International Law.International and comparative law quarterly, 52(01), 1-20. Jo, H., Namgung, H. (2012). Dispute Settlement Mechanisms in Preferential Trade Agreements Democracy, Boilerplates, and the Multilateral Trade Regime.Journal of Conflict Resolution, 56(6), 1041-1068. Lacarte-Muro, J., Gappah, P. (2000). Developing Countries and the WTO Legal and Dispute Settlement System: A view from the bench. Journal of International Economic Law, 3(3), 395-401. Lee, H., Mitchell, S. M. (2012). Foreign direct investment and territorial disputes. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 56(4), 675-703. Powell, E. J., Wiegand, K. E. (2010). Legal systems and peaceful attempts to resolve territorial disputes. Conflict Management and Peace Science. Wiegand, K. E., Powell, E. J. (2010). Past experience, quest for the best forum, and peaceful attempts to resolve territorial disputes. Journal of Conflict Resolution. Alvarez, J. E., International Organizations as Law-Makers, Oxford University Press, 2005, 92-95 Bilder, R. B., Some Limitations of Adjudication as a Dispute Settlement Technique, 23 Va. J. Int'l L. 1 (1986). Allee, T. L. and Huth, P. K. (2006). Legitimizing dispute settlement: International legal rulings as domestic political cover. American Political Science Review, 100(02):219234 Merrills J.G., International Dispute Settlement (5th Ed), Cambridge University Press, 2011, 100-115 Collier, J., and Lowe, V., The Settlement of Disputes in International Law Institutions and Procedures (2nd Ed), Oxford, University Press, 2000, 90-125 Evans Malcolm., International Law (3rd ed), Oxford University Press; 2010, 50-55 Evans Malcolm., International Law, Oxford University Press; (2010) 50-55 Boisson de Chazournes L, Romano C and Mackenzie R,International Organizations And International Dispute Settlement,Transnational Publishers (2002) Boisson de Chazournes L, Romano C and Mackenzie R,International Organizations And International Dispute Settlement,Transnational Publishers (2002) O'Connell M,International Dispute SettlementAshgate/Dartmouth (2003) Bilder, R. B., Some Limitations of Adjudication as a Dispute Settlement Technique, 23 Va. J. Int'l L. 1 (1986) Wiegand, K. E., Powell, E. J. (2010). Past experience, quest for the best forum, and peaceful attempts to resolve territorial disputes.Journal of Conflict Resolution Bilder, R. B., Some Limitations of Adjudication as a Dispute Settlement Technique, 23 Va. J. Int'l L. 1 (1986). Jo, H., Namgung, H. (2012). Dispute Settlement Mechanisms in Preferential Trade Agreements Democracy, Boilerplates, and the Multilateral Trade Regime.Journal of Conflict Resolution,56(6), 1041-1068. Hafner-Burton, E. M., Montgomery, A. H. (2012). War, Trade, and Distrust: Why Trade Agreements Dont Always Keep the Peace.Conflict Management and Peace Science,29(3), 257-278. Hafner-Burton, E. M., Montgomery, A. H. (2012). War, Trade, and Distrust: Why Trade Agreements Dont Always Keep the Peace.Conflict Management and Peace Science,29(3), 257-278. Bilder, R. B., Some Limitations of Adjudication as a Dispute Settlement Technique, 23 Va. J. Int'l L. 1 (1986)

Sample on Developing Successful Business Management Teams

Question: Analyse the value of using theoretical models when building successful business teams? Answer: Introduction Various organizations have focused on developing organizational teams for ensuring successful achievement of the SMART goals and objectives. This paper has significantly focused on analyzing the important characteristics of a successful business team. The importance of team role has been discussed in this paper. Moreover, different team development phases are identified. It is essential to motivate the team members in order to ensure success of the team. Open communication and conflict resolution process have significant implication for the team. Additionally, this paper has also emphasized on discussing different techniques for monitoring the performance of an organization. Development of Model for Building Successful Business Team Presently, various organizations focus on development of successful business team for meeting its objectives. In order to establish successful teams, it is very important to understand the dynamics of team and essential features of effective team. Characteristics of Successful Business Teams Clear team Objectives: The purpose of a team must be clearly communicated to its members. The team leader will be responsible for setting goals and objectives by discussing with all the team members. Once the vision of the team is clear to the members, they will be focused in the pursuit of the team objective in order to ensure organizational success. Commitment of Team Members: The team members must be committed to the core values and unified goals. It significantly influences the performance of team as it help in making the team members self conscious about their activities. Commitment of the team members ensures the achievement of the organizational goals. Open Communication and Collaborative Environment: Open communication is crucial for the success of the team. In a team, all effort of all the members gets counted and sharing of ideas and knowledge are very important for enhancing the effectiveness of team. Often a task is fragmented into several parts and different team members are engaged in performing those jobs according to their expertise. Integration of job requires effective communication and cooperation of the team members to enhance overall performance of the team (Dyer, Dyer and Dyer, 2013). Consensus Decision Making: Mutual respect among the team members is very important and they must give importance to perspective and ideas of others for optimizing the performance of team. While decisions are taken regarding team activities, strategies or other team related things, all the team members must be encouraged and decision will be made after reaching consensus. Thus, all the members will feel valued and get motivated (De Jong and Elfring, 2010). Effective Leadership: The team leader is responsible for guiding the team towards the right direction and the leader must adopt effective approach to manage the team members. Another important task of the team leader is to motivate its team members (Lee et al., 2010). Effective Conflict Resolving Mechanism: As people from various background and different expertise work together in a team, conflict is considered to be natural part of team process. It is very important to identify the conflict at initial stage and then can apply an effective conflict resolving mechanism so that it does not affect the team performance. Importance of Team Roles in Successful Business Teams A business team is consisted of people with different expertise and they play distinct role within a team. According Belbin, team roles can be described as a tendency to communicate, contribute as well as behave with others in a specific manner. Identification of the team roles significantly contribute in identification of the strength for capitalizing it and the weakness for improving it. Basically, there are three major types of roles: action oriented, people oriented and thought oriented. (Belbins Team Roles) In case of Vigor Skin Care, a team was developed with three people and significantly contributed in the growth of the company. The CEO, Peter Markles had identified the need of developing a team in order to rejuvenate the organization. Peter plays an action oriented role for putting the idea in action (implementer) and he had also challenged the team for enhancing its performance (shaper). Another team member was Sandy Fryda and she was the marketing director of the company. She has developed several marketing strategies that significantly helped in the growth of the organization. Sandy has played though oriented roles and acted as a plant by presenting new ideas and approaches. Third member was Josh Bartola and he was engaged in new product development. He was a specialized and his specialized skills were deployed for accelerating the rejuvenation of the organization (Farmer, Yellowley and Smith, 2012). Value of Using Theoretical Models The concepts learnt from the theoretical models must be applied while developing business teams. Theoretical model has identified different leaders: task oriented and people oriented or may be combination of these two. Production and people are the two major aspects of concern for the leaders. According to the Blake and Moutons Leadership grid, status quo style is the balanced approach for leadership and the leader is concerned about both production and people. In real life situation the leader must consider these aspects and identify his major concern for developing strategies. This theory can be applied in real life while developing business teams. In order to ensure the success of business teams, Belbins team roles can be applied. Thus, the management will be able to capitalize the distinct role and performance of each team member. Theoretical models significantly help in formation of business tem through specific stages. Therefore, the group cohesion and communication among the t eam members help in achieving the goals and objectives of team. Providing Support for Team Development Stages of Team Development Team development is consisted of different stages and successful business teams need to undergo the four stages. Tuckmans team formation theory can be applied for developing a business team. Each step of the team development is discussed in this section. Forming: Forming is the first step where the team members get assembled and focus on recognizing the purpose and setting goals. The team members start interacting and gets involved in planning. In this stage the members decide what needs to be done. Storming: Storming is the second phase where the team members start to discuss the task and share ideas. The relationship among the team members may get changed during this phase. Norming: In the norming stage, the team achieves stability. In this stage the team members are ready to takeover responsibilities and focus on avoiding conflict. Performing: The last stage is performing where the team starts performing well. The plans are implemented in this phase in order to achieve the desired result. According to Leigh and Maynards, there are six stages of team development which is consisted of starting, sorting, stabilizing, striving, succeeding and stopping. In case of Vigor Skin Care, Peter developed the team with Sandy and Josh. Peter spent significant time to develop bonding with the team members and they started sharing ideas for rejuvenating the company. Therefore, the team developed effective strategies which boosted growth in the organization and those strategies worked well. Motivating Team Members or Achieving Objectives Motivating the team members is crucial for ensuring success of the team. Motivation provides the energy as well as desire for working towards the specific goals. Motivation helps in enhancing the productivity of the team members. Motivation influences a person for leading towards the activities in the desired behavior. Maslow had proposed the hierarchy of needs and fulfillment of the lower level needs trigger the individual to recognize the higher level needs. Basic needs are referred to the physiological need. Thereafter, the two important psychological needs are safety needs and social needs. Upon successful achievement of these three needs, an individual recognizes the self fulfillment needs: self esteem and self actualization (Arvinen-Muondo and Perkins, 2013). The two factor model of Herzberg has classified two distinct factors that are involved in motivation. Hygiene factors include good working environment, salary, fringe benefits, security etc and absence of these factor create dissatisfaction among the employees. Hence, it is very important to ensure that these factors are fulfilled. The motivational factors such as recognition, challenging job, responsibility etc has helped in enhancing job satisfaction and personal growth. Hence, these intrinsic motivational factors must be present for developing a successful team (Javadi et al., 2012). In case of Vigor Skin Care one team members is found to be engaged with activities of other department and another team member is found to be stressed and exhausted. While developing a team, Peter must share the organizational vision with the teammates so that they work together for achieving the glory of reaching the vision. Effective communications with the team members make them feel valued which is essential for obtaining commitment. The activities of individual must be appreciated and creativity needs to be encouraged through giving an opportunity for growth. Mutual support as well as trust is the most important factors in a team (Baek and Jung, 2014). The team members are getting frustrated and unhappy. In this situation, team spirit must be created and maintained at the workplace. Re-motivating the team members through enhanced communication and explaining their role along with contribution in the organization will be effective. Open Communication among Team Members Open communication is an essential aspect of the successful business team. In a team, the members work together for achieving mutual goals (Sarker et al., 2011). The activities of an individual within a team are dependent on others. Hence, effective communication is considered to be indispensable factor for ensuring team success. In case of Vigor Skin Care, the team had lost its spirit and the team performance started declining when the communication was disrupted. It was found that one of the members avoided the meetings and he was found to be busy with the activities of other departments. It has been found that Sandy was stressed and frustrated. She did not respond to the phone calls and e-mails. Lack of enthusiasm and communication created problem for the team as well as the organization. In order to encourage open communication in Vigor Skin Care, frequent team meetings must be scheduled so that the teammates can be encouraged to participate in the organizational activities. Informal communication can be encouraged through asking personal well being. Thus the stress and frustration can be resolved and team members will be encouraged to take part in the communication. Moreover, each member must share his own idea and ask for recommendations and feedback instead of imposing his personal decision. This gesture will make others feel valued and they will take part in open communication. Regular updates regarding important issues must be shared with the team members which will encourage them get engaged into the organizational procedures. In this manner, open communication can be encouraged in Vigor Skin Care. Conflict Resolution among Team Members Conflict is a common phenomenon of business teams and it creates a negative as well as positive impact on the performance of the team on the basis of its nature and severity. Conflict arises when an individual shares different point of view within a team. Business teams must focus on resolving the conflict at the initial stage. First of all, the conflict must be acknowledged instead of ignoring it. A healthy discussion can be initiated to encourage all the team members to reflect upon the issue. Therefore, the major impacts of the conflict must be discussed. After that, effective communication is required to search for the alternatives. Brainstorming sessions will be conducted for identification of the strength as well as weaknesses of each proposed. In the conflict resolution mechanism all the concerned parties must be engaged during the procedure. Each movement must be transparent so that everybody can express their personal view. At the end, consensus must be achieved for resolving the issue. Negotiation strategies are very effective in order to resolve the conflict at workplace. The team members can negotiate on a particular issue in a systematic manner. Win-win negotiation is considered to be an effective strategy for resolving the conflict (Tung and Chang, 2011). In case of Win-Win negotiation, both t he parties get satisfied as some of their demands are fulfilled. Thus, everybody feels valued and encouraged to play their role in the team and organization. If the team members are not satisfied with the solution, it will have a negative impact on the productivity and performance. Generally, conflict resolution is found to be a lengthy process and when the conflict is resolved it must be acknowledged and celebrated for developing team cohesion. Thus, the team members will be motivated to perform better. Monitoring Team Performance Monitoring team performance is considered to be an important aspect for ensuring success of the business teams. Generally, the performance of a team is evaluated on the basis of the goals and objectives of the teams. Methods for Monitoring Team Performance Performance of a team is measured on the basis of corporate goals and SMART objectives set for the team. Automated Recoding of Workflow: It will help in recoding the level of output of a particular team and the team leader can easily monitor the performance of the team in terms of productivity. This technique is found to be appropriate in case of manufacturing industries. Manual Recoding of Workflow: The team members can keep a track of their own activities so that the team leader for analyzing the productivity. Sampling of Output: The quality of the product needs to be analyzed along with the production by the team leader. Key Performance Indicators: Key performance indicators must be developed for analyzing the performance of the team. Recommendations for Improving Performance against Given Objectives Performance of the team members can be improved against the given objectives with the aid of the following strategies and initiatives. It can be recommended that Peter must take the following initiatives: First of all, it is important to explain the goal and objectives along with the specific role of each team members. It will significantly help in performing the tasks efficiently. Conducting meetings after regular intervals will be helpful in discussing the issues as well as revised strategies and plans with the concerned people. Additionally, it will enhance the level of communication which crucial for the success of team. Open communication must be encouraged within the team so that the benefits of teamwork can be capitalized. Regular monitoring of the individual activities will help in tracking the progress of the activities. Deviation from the desired level of activities will be assessed and necessary steps must be taken in order to improve the performance to the desired level. Conflicts within the team must not be ignored and the team leaders must take proactive initiatives in order to resolve the issue. Thus the overall performance can be impro